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glossary
| 3 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z |
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| term |
description |
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| pablo |
spanish form of "paulus" ("paul"), which meant "small" or "humble" in latin. spanish painter and sculptor pablo picasso was a famous bearer of this name. |
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| pala |
icelandic feminine form of "paul", from the roman family name "paulus", which meant "small" or "humble" in latin. |
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| papier mâché |
technique for creating forms by mixing wet paper pulp with glue or paste. the form hardens as it dries, and becomes suitable for painting. it is said that the name "papier mâché" (french for “chewed paper”) is from french workers in london papier mâché shops, who did just that! however, despite the french name, papier mâché was actually originated by the chinese - the inventors of paper itself. the chinese used papier mâché to make helmets, which they then strengthened with layers of lacquer. examples of these helmets have been found dating back to the han dynasty [bc 202 – ad 220]. |
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| papillion |
a name derived from the word "papillon", meaning "butterfly" in french. |
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| parisa |
a name which means "angel-face; like a fairy" in persian. |
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| patina |
patina is a film - usually green in color - on the surface of bronze, brass or similar metals that is the result of oxidation over a long period of time. |
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| patricia |
english, spanish, portuguese form of the roman name "patricius", which meant "noble" in latin. |
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| patrimpas |
a lithuanian form of a prussian name. in mythology, the god patrimpas is depicted as a water snake with a human head wearing a crown. |
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| paulina |
a female name derived from the latin "small". |
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| penelope |
a name which originates from the greek "πηνελοψ" [penelops], a type of duck. |
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| pepita |
spanish feminine pet form of the name "joseph". |
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| peppermint essential oil |
The health benefits of peppermint oil include its ability to treat indigestion, respiratory problems, headache, nausea, fever, stomach and bowel spasms and pain. Due to the presence of menthol, menthone and menthyl esters, peppermint and peppermint oil find wide applications in manufacture of soap, shampoo, cigarette, toothpaste, chewing gum, tea and ice cream.
Peppermint is a cross between watermint and spearmint and is native to Europe. Historically, the herb has been known for its medicinal uses. Hence it is often termed as the world’s oldest medicine.
Unlike many other herbs and essential oils, numerous health benefits of peppermint and peppermint oil have been studied and proved by the scientific community. As a result, peppermint oil is also sold in the form of capsules and tablets.
Peppermint oil contains numerous minerals and nutrients including manganese, iron, magnesium, calcium, folate, potassium, and copper. It also contains omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin A and Vitamin C.
The health benefits of peppermint oil include the following:
• Indigestion: Peppermint oil is very helpful in digestion. Often people put a few drops of peppermint oil in a glass of water and drink it after their meal due to its digestive properties. It is carminative and therefore helps in removing gas. Peppermint oil is a good tonic for those who have a low appetite. It also helps during motion sickness and upset stomach. Preliminary research has proved that peppermint oil in the combination of caraway oil can be used for treating heartburns.
• Dental Care: Peppermint oil, due to its antiseptic properties, is useful for dental care. It removes bad breath and helps teeth and gums deal with germs. No wonder, it is added in numerous toothpastes. It is also useful for treating toothaches.
• Respiratory Problems: Menthol, which is present in abundance in peppermint oil, helps in clearing the respiratory tract. It is an effective expectorant and therefore provides instantaneous, though temporary, relief in numerous respiratory problems including nasal congestion, sinusitis, asthma, bronchitis, cold and cough. As a result, it is used in numerous cold rubs. When these cold rubs are rubbed on the chest, they remove nasal and respiratory congestion immediately.
• Nausea and Headache: Peppermint oil is a good home remedy for nausea and headache. Applying peppermint oil in diluted form on the forehead is known to remove headache.
• Stress: Like most other essential oils, peppermint is able to provide relief from stress, depression and mental exhaustion due to its refreshing nature. It is also effective against anxiety and restlessness.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The muscle relaxing property of peppermint oil has been found to ease irritable bowel syndrome. This has been validated through preliminary scientific research though the exact mechanism is still unknown.
• Antispasmodic: Peppermint oil is very effective for gastroscopy, colonoscopy and during double-contrast barium enema. It is applied intraluminally. Further benefits of peppermint oil due to its antispasmodic properties are being studied.
• Urinary Tract Infection: Peppermint oil can be used for treating urinary tract infection (UTI). However, thorough scientific studies are yet to be conducted to confirm this.
• Pain Relief: Peppermint oil can be used externally for providing relief from pain. It is believed that the presence of calcium antagonism in peppermint oil aids in removing pain. It is cooling in nature and therefore helps reduce fever.
• Immune System: Peppermint oil increases your immunity to diseases and therefore helps you in preventing a number of diseases.
• Blood Circulation: It also improves blood circulation.
• Hair Care: Peppermint oil is very useful for hair care as it gives a cooling effect to the head, and removes dandruff and lice.
• Skin Care: Peppermint oil contains Menthol, which is good for skin. It gives a cooling effect. Further it nourishes dull skin and improves oily skin.
It is further believed that peppermint oil is useful for treating cancer and tuberculosis.
Peppermint blends well with various other essential oils including eucalyptus, rosemary, lemon, marjoram, etc.
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| perla |
italian and spanish name meaning "pearl". |
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| perspex |
also know as plexiglas, perspex is the brand name of a type of acrylic glass. |
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| petra |
a name derived from the greek "petros", meaning "stone". |
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| philip |
from the greek name Φιλιππος (philippos) which means "friend of horses". |
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| photoetching |
an intaglio printing technique where a metal plate (usually copper) is exposed to photographic film under ultraviolet light. during this process, the clear parts of the image are hardened onto the plate and act as an acid resist. |
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| pia |
feminine form of "pius", meaning "pious, dutiful". |
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| piala |
a traditional uzbek cup, usually used for tea. uzbekistan is known for its traditions in tea culture, which are often compared to the rituals practiced in japan. |
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| pim |
diminutive of the dutch name "willem", from the germanic elements "wil", meaning "will, desire" and "helm" - "helmet, protection". |
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| pine |
pine is any of various evergreen trees of the genus "pinus". these trees have needle-shaped leaves that grow in clusters, and they also bear cones. pine wood is soft, fine, and of uniform texture. its color ranges from creamy white to light brown, and usually yellows with age. pine is believed to symbolize healing, fertility, protection and money. |
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| pippin |
the name of a hobbit in "the lord of the rings". pippin's full first name was "peregrin", a semi-translation into english of his true hobbit name "razanur" meaning "traveller". |
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| placide |
french feminine form of the late latin name "placidus" which meant "quiet, calm". |
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| planography |
a printing technique where the ink is transferred to paper from a flat surface. common types of planographic printing are lithography and offset. also known as surface printing. |
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| podstakannik |
it all started in russia in the mid-19th century… while women stuck to traditional cups and saucers for their tea, it became fashionable among men to use… glasses. but tea is hot! thus, the podstakannik, a metal holder that transforms a simple glass into a proper vessel.
the podstakannik quickly found its place in russian culture; not just for its utilitarian functions, but also as a status symbol. produced from various precious and non-precious metals, podstakanniks became one of the most popular gifts to give professionally and privately.
in the soviet union, the railway was re-built and industrialized with 5-year plans, and soon became one of the largest in the world. all passenger trains were equipped with samovars to make tea, which is traditionally served in glasses with podstakanniks. it is for this reason that for many, the podstakannik symbolizes the romance of train travel.
the décor for podstakanniks varied throughout the years, and is a telling reflection of the times. in imperial russia, podstakanniks were more artistic, depicting everything from floral ornaments to landscapes to scenes from fairy tales and operas. in the soviet era, podstakanniks were often used to commemorate historical events, dates and issues, such as the launch of the sputnik and the olympic games. |
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| pomona |
a name derived from the latin "pomus", meaning "fruit tree". pomona was the name of the roman goddess of fruit trees. |
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| porcelain |
considered to be the most refined of all ceramic wares, porcelain is a hard, white, nonporous, fine-grained ceramic body which is usually translucent, as opposed to earthenware, which is porous and opaque. porcelain was first made in china, hence its common name "china". chinese porcelain is less glass-like (and therefore softer) than its modern european counterpart, which was developed in germany in the early 18th century. good porcelain rings when struck, while a bad or cracked piece will not. there are three types of porcelain: hard-paste, soft-paste and bone china. hard-paste porcelain, which often has a grey appearance and is extremely hard, is first fired at 900c - 1000c and then glaze fired at 1350c - 1400c. soft-paste porcelain was first produced in europe in 1738. softer and more granular than hard-paste porcelain, it is first fired at 1200c - 1300c and then glaze fired at 1050c - 1150c. bone china is a hybrid hard-paste porcelain containing 20-60% bone ash, which is added in order to create an ivory white appearance. bone china is first fired at 1250c - 1300c, and then glaze fired at 1100c - 1150c . |
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| porthos |
one of alexandre dumas' "three musketeers", porthos was known to love food and wine. although he was not particularly cunning, he had a great heart and was a valiant fighter and courageous friend.
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| portia |
an english name derived from the roman family name "porcius", which means "pig". this is the name of a character in shakespeare's 'the merchant of venice', who disguises herself as a man in order to defend antonio in court. |
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| pyrrhus |
from the greek name Πυρρος [pyrros] which meant "flame-colored, red", related to πυρ (pyr) "fire". |
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